The firmament

‭‭Iyoḇ (Job)‬ ‭28:1‭-‬28‬ ‭ [1] “Indeed, there is a mine for silver, and a place where gold is refined. [2] Iron is taken from the earth, and copper is smelted from ore. [3] An end to darkness he has set, and to every limit he is searching, to rocks in deepest darkness. [4] He opens a shaft far away from people; they are forgotten by feet; they hang far away from men; they swing to and fro. [5] Earth, out of which grows food, is turned underneath as by fire; [6] its stones are the place of…

Camille Flammarion's L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire, 1888

Considerable disagreement exists about what God made on the second day of Creation Week in Genesis 1. The conclusion of this study is that 1) the expanse is outer space, 2) where the birds fly and the clouds float is the “face of the expanse,” and 3) the “waters above” are the outer boundary of the universe.

The contradictory implications of statistical mechanics have worried physicists and philosophers for centuries. Does our present-day knowledge allow us to exorcize those philosophical demons?

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Considerable disagreement exists about what God made on the second day of Creation Week in Genesis 1. The conclusion of this study is that 1) the expanse is outer space, 2) where the birds fly and the clouds float is the “face of the expanse,” and 3) the “waters above” are the outer boundary of the universe.

These towering tendrils of cosmic dust and gas sit at the heart of M16, or the Eagle Nebula.